Different hydrodynamic processes regulated on water quality (nutrients,dissolved oxygen,and phytoplankton biomass) in three contrasting waters of Hong Kong

The subtropical Hong Kong (HK) waters are located at the eastern side of the Pearl River Estuary. Monthly changes of water quality, including nutrients, dissolved oxygen (DO), and phytoplankton biomass (Chl-a) were routinely investigated in 2003 by the Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department in three contrasting waters of HK with different prevailing hydrodynamic processes. The western, eastern, and southern waters were mainly dominated by nutrient-replete Pearl River discharge, the nutrient-poor coastal/shelf oceanic waters, and mixtures of estuarine and coastal seawater and sewage effluent of Hong Kong, respectively. Acting in response, the water quality in these three contrasting areas showed apparently spatial–temporal variation pattern. Nutrients usually decreased along western waters to eastern waters. In the dry season, the water column was strongly mixed by monsoon winds and tidal currents, which resulted in relatively low Chl-a (<5 μg l^?1) and high bottom DO (>4 mg l^?1), suggesting that mixing enhanced the buffering capacity of eutrophication in HK waters. However, in the wet season, surface Chl-a was generally >10 μg l^?1 in southern waters in summer due to halocline and thermohaline stratification, adequate nutrients, and light availability. Although summer hypoxia (DO <2 mg l^?1) was episodically observed near sewage effluent site and in southern waters induced by vertical stratification, the eutrophication impacts in HK waters were not as severe as expected owing to P limitation and short water residence time in the wet season.     

江苏省湖泊遥感监测及10年动态变化分析

以多时相Landsat TM/ETM+影像和HJ CCD影像为数据源，提取江苏省2000、2005及2010年湖泊，分析江苏省湖泊10年的水域面积变化及驱动力。研究结果显示，江苏省湖泊三期水域面积分别为5 90223、5 89191和5 88319 km2，全省湖泊面积整体相对稳定，但单个湖泊变化差异较大，变化最明显的是洪泽湖和白马湖。洪泽湖及白马湖10年的动态变化表明，洪泽湖变化主要位于西南方向，白马湖变化明显的是西南与东北方向。进一步从人为和自然因素对其变化驱动力进行分析，结果表明，10年间洪泽湖和白马湖周边区域气温升高、降水量及入湖水量的减少是造成水面减小的重要自然因素；洪泽湖10年间面积加权的平均拼块分形维数（AWMPFD）变化不大，2000、2005及2010年分别为1161 0、1162 1和1159 0，处于相对稳定状态；白马湖10年间AWMPFD持续下降，从2000年的1274 5到2005年的1239 6，再到2010年的1211 3。因此，人为活动影响及湖周土地利用方式的变化是湖泊水域面积萎缩的重要人为因素     

南京方山生态公园不同人工植被土壤动物群落结构时空变化

2009年3月~2010年4月采用干漏斗法和手捡法对南京方山生态公园针阔混交林、茶园、农田等3种典型人工植被生境的土壤动物群落结构及其季节变化进行初步调查。共采得土壤动物样本3 164个，27个类群隶属于5门12纲23目。结果表明：近孔寡毛目（Plesiopora）、弹尾纲（Collembola）和蜱螨目（Acarina）为常年优势类群；双翅目（Diptera）、同翅目（Homoptera）、膜翅目（Hymenoptera）、等足目（Isopoda）、后孔寡毛目（Opisthopora）和鞘翅目（Coleoptera）则为常年常见类群。土壤动物群落类群数和个体数量的季节消长规律分别是夏季>冬季>秋季>春季和夏季>秋季>冬季>春季。不同植被生境的土壤动物个体数量总数依次为茶园>混交林>农田；不同季节、不同人工植被类型以及不同季节和不同人工植被类型之间土壤动物群落的组成具有较大变化，不同类群之间个体数量差异显著。多样性分析表明，土壤动物类群多样性和均匀性指数在夏季时最高；茶园和混交林多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于农田。不同植被类型土壤动物垂直分布特征均表现为具有明显的表聚性，土壤动物的类群垂直分布差异明显，类群数随土层向下逐步减少     

重庆市煤炭资源流动及其未来流量估测

从流量和流向两方面，评估探讨了重庆市煤炭资源流动平衡现状及其面临的问题，并根据对重庆市未来5年外省煤炭输入量的预测值，给出相应的建议。结果表明：（1）重庆市煤炭资源产消失衡，自给率逐年下降，需要大量调入外省煤炭弥补其缺口；重庆市煤炭资源流动比率不断上升，煤炭资源流入强度不断加大，对外依赖性不断加强。（2）经济的快速发展导致重庆市煤炭产需失衡，成为其煤炭资源流动持续增强的根本原因，煤炭资源势差是周边煤炭资源流入重庆的主要因素，距离成本、交通成本和价格差影响着重庆市煤炭供应源的具体选择，从而使距离近、交通通达性较好的四川和贵州成为重庆市主要的两个煤炭供应源。（3）在重庆市外部的煤炭产区中，宁夏、陕西、新疆有望成为重庆市煤炭供应的重要来源，加快陕煤南下以及疆煤入川、渝铁路通道建设是保障重庆乃至整个大西南地区能源供应稳定的重大举措。（4）根据未来5年重庆市外省煤炭输入量的预测结果，指出适当提高公路和水路煤炭运能等措施可解决短时期重庆煤炭紧张的问题。此外，发挥长江黄金水道作用和重庆港口优势，加强储煤基地、煤炭中转码头建设，是保障重庆市未来煤炭供应稳定和能源安全的有效举措     

High efficiency chlorine removal from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis with a gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor

In this research a gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor was developed for removing chlorine (Cl) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to favor its pyrolysis treatment. In order to efficiently remove Cl within a limited time before extensive generation of hydrocarbon products, the gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor was running at 280–320 °C, where hot N₂ was used as fluidizing gas to fluidize the molten polymer, letting the molten polymer contact well with N₂ to release Cl in form of HCl. Experimental results showed that dechlorination efficiency is mainly temperature dependent and 300 °C is a proper reaction temperature for efficient dechlorination within a limited time duration and for prevention of extensive pyrolysis; under this temperature 99.5% of Cl removal efficiency can be obtained within reaction time around 1 min after melting is completed as the flow rate of N₂ gas was set around 0.47–0.85 Nm³ kg^?1 for the molten PVC. Larger N₂ flow rate and additives in PVC would enhance HCl release but did not change the final dechlorination efficiency; and excessive N₂ flow rate should be avoided for prevention of polymer entrainment. HCl is emitted from PVC granules or scraps at the mean time they started to melt and the melting stage should be taken into consideration when design the gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor for dechlorination.     

Anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and fruit/vegetable waste: Lab-scale and pilot-scale studies

The anaerobic digestion performances of kitchen waste (KW) and fruit/vegetable waste (FVW) were investigated for establishing engineering digestion system. The study was conducted from lab-scale to pilot-scale, including batch, single-phase and two-phase experiments. The lab-scale experimental results showed that the ratio of FVW to KW at 5:8 presented higher methane productivity (0.725 L CH₄/g VS), and thereby was recommended. Two-phase digestion appeared to have higher treatment capacity and better buffer ability for high organic loading rate (OLR) (up to 5.0 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1), compared with the low OLR of 3.5 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1 for single-phase system. For two-phase digestion, the pilot-scale system showed similar performances to those of lab-scale one, except slightly lower maximum OLR of 4.5 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1 was allowed. The pilot-scale system proved to be profitable with a net profit of 10.173 $/ton as higher OLR (?3.0 g (VS) L^?1 d^?1) was used.     

羟基自由基抑制剂对臭氧氧化降解苯酚的影响

采用臭氧氧化法处理模拟苯酚废水，考察了废水pH以及HCO₃^-、CO₃^2-、HPO₄^2-、H₂PO₄^-和叔丁醇等·OH抑制剂对苯酚降解效果的影响。实验结果表明：苯酚降解率随废水pH的增大而增大；当废水pH=11时，降解25 min后苯酚降解率达到99.55%，比废水pH=5时提高了50.12百分点；CO₃^2-和H₂PO₄^-对·OH的抑制作用分别强于HCO₃^-和HPO₄^2-；当叔丁醇质量浓度由0增至50 mg/L时，苯酚降解率由99.55%降至69.19%。     

Removal of mercury from flue gas using sewage sludge-based adsorbents

Mercury from coal-fired utility boilers, as the largest atmospheric mercury emission source, imposes serious environmental risks and health concerns. In order to explore the possibility of reducing costs of activated carbon injection, we investigated the most promising mercury control technology, Hg⁰ removal using ZnCl₂-impregnated adsorbents derived from sewage sludge. The results demonstrated that sludge-based adsorbents (SBAs) had fairly high mercury adsorption capacity over a wide range of temperatures (80–170 °C). Oxidizing atmosphere could improve the adsorption of Hg⁰ and weaken the inhibition of SO₂ on mercury adsorption to some extent. NO exhibited no obvious impact on mercury removal performance. In addition, to clarify whether oxygen- or chlorine-containing functional groups attributed to good mercury adsorption capacity of SBAs, the oxygen-containing functional groups were removed using Boehm’s method, and a temperature-programmed decomposition desorption experiment was conducted. The results suggest that chlorine-containing functional groups played a significant role in the removal process of mercury from flue gas using SBAs.     

Recycling of the hyperaccumulator Brassica juncea L.: synthesis of carbon nanotube-Cu/ZnO nanocomposites

The methods of synthesizing carbon nanotube (CNTs)-Cu/ZnO nanocomposites using a Cu hyperaccumulator (Brassica juncea L.) constitute a new insight into the recycling of hyperaccumulators and provide a new route for the further development of green nanostructure syntheses. In this paper, CNTs-Cu/ZnO nanocomposites have been synthesized using B. juncea plants as the sources of C, Cu, and Zn. The synthesized CNTs-Cu/ZnO nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectra (EDS). The synthesized CNTs were characterized further by selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns and Raman spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the structure of individual CNTs was middle-hollow, with an outer diameter of about 80 nm. The synthesized CNTs were not at all crystalline and there were a few defects in the walls. The outer diameter of CNTs-Cu/ZnO nanocomposites was 110 nm. The diameters of Cu/ZnO nanoparticles were 29.5/32.7 nm, respectively. Cu/ZnO nanoparticles that had grown onto the CNT surface were nonuniform and agglomerated. The Cu/ZnO nanoparticles were pure.     

碳源对铜绿微囊藻生理特性及微囊藻毒素产率的影响

为研究水体中不同碳源对铜绿微囊藻生理特性的影响,以Na2CO3与葡萄糖分别作为铜绿微囊藻生长的无机碳源与有机碳源,将铜绿微囊藻于光照下进行培养,并对其一系列的生理特性与微囊藻毒素产率进行检测。实验结果表明,同等碳浓度下,有机碳源更能促进铜绿微囊藻的生长,经过30 d的培养,铜绿微囊藻在有机碳源中的产量为187.55 g,比其在无机碳源中的产量提高了6.06%;微囊藻毒素在有机碳源中的产量为969.00μg/g,而在无机碳源中的产量却升高至1 193.60μg/g。参与藻毒素合成的3种氨基酸在无机碳源中的浓度要比有机碳源中的浓度高,但是其余几种氨基酸的含量与之情况相反。而有机碳源培养的铜绿微囊藻总可溶性蛋白含量为387.00μg/g,比无机碳源培养的铜绿微囊藻的蛋白含量提高了93.60%。